The result of this example is consistent with the statement made in the module Maxwell’s Equations: Electromagnetic Waves Predicted and Observed that changing electric fields create relatively weak magnetic fields. An electromagnetic field (also EM field) is a classical (i.e. Of course, the properties of the radiated EM waves strongly depend on HOW the source moved, what it's acceleration was. When a direct electrical current is applied to a wire the current flow builds an electromagnetic field around the wire. acceleration, the larger is the field. Comments (0) Add to wishlist Delete from wishlist. MCQ on Electromagnetic Waves. 1. As the current varies, the magnetic field varies in magnitude and direction. And like antennas that produce EM waves, receiver antennas are specially designed to resonate at particular frequencies. glass. propagation. In fact, charges radiate whenever they are accelerated. Visible light, for example, ranges from violet to red. By the end of this section, you will be able to: We can get a good understanding of electromagnetic waves (EM) by considering how they are produced. This means that a relatively strong electric field of 1000 V/m is accompanied by a relatively weak magnetic field. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES Electricity can be static, like the energy that can make your hair stand on end. They can be detected in electromagnetic waves, however, by taking advantage of the phenomenon of resonance, as Hertz did. Electromagnetic waves result from this interplay between electric and magnetic fields. Electromagnetic waves are produced by the motion of electrically charged particles.These waves are also called 'electromagnetic radiation' because they radiate from the electrically charged particles. Why do we inform you of the latest how are electromagnetic waves produced ?The answer is because it is really needed by most people. If, for a wave traveling in the x-direction, There is an associated magnetic field (B) which propagates outward as well (see Figure 2). Sometimes big receiver dishes are used to focus the signal onto an antenna. You get very poor reception if you stand under the antenna. The absorbed energy causes one or more electrons to change their locale within the atom. the EM wave as a plane wave. An electron generates an electric field which we can visualize as lines radiating from the electron Figure 10a.If the electron moves, say it vibrates back and forth, then this motion will be transferred to the field lines and they will become wavy Figure 10b. If you have a car with a radio and extendable antenna, note the quality of reception as the length of the antenna is changed. At time t=0, there is the maximum separation of charge, with negative charges at the top and positive charges at the bottom, producing the maximum magnitude of the electric field (or E-field) in the upward direction. Visible light is any electromagnetic wave with wavelength λ between Accelerated charge is the source of energy of these waves. A plane electromagnetic wave is propagating through Explain. For example, the synchrotron radiation is around the tangent of the accelerator ring. James Clerk Maxwell derived a wave form of the electric and magnetic equations, thus uncovering the wave-like nature of electric and magnetic fields and their symmetry. Although it is a very concise description of electromagnetic waves, yet it gives a full idea as to what they are and how they are produced. How are electromagnetic waves produced? The speed of light in a vacuum, c, is 3.00*10^8 meters per second. Gamma rays are produced … Electromagnetic waves are produced when an electric charge vibrates or accelerates. Under what conditions might wires in a DC circuit emit electromagnetic waves? The speed of any sinusoidal wave is the product of its The wave is shown in one direction from the antenna in Figure 3 to illustrate its basic characteristics. Much matter—but not “all” matter—is either charged or made up of components that are. E Do you remember the waves in water. Figure 3. What is the frequency of this light? It can be shown that the magnitudes of the fields do have a constant ratio, equal to the speed of light. In which situation shown in Figure 5 will the electromagnetic wave be more successful in inducing a current in the loop? What is the apparent speed of light in water? = ∆r/c to travel a distance ∆r. In this video I will answer the questions, “How is electromagnetic radiation produced?” Both the E and the charge distribution vary as the current changes. Should the straight wire antenna of a radio be vertical or horizontal to best receive radio waves broadcast by a vertical transmitter antenna? wavelength and frequency.v = λf.The speed of any electromagnetic waves Display the field as a curve or vectors. 3) What makes electromagnetic waves different from one another? The current modulate the EM radiation to a sinusoidal wave. The amount of shift is Electromagnetic waves are split into different categories based on their frequency (or, equivalently, on their wavelength). is the wavelength of the wave. Its wavelength (λ) is proportional to the period of the oscillation and, hence, is smaller for short periods or high frequencies. Since current is directly proportional to voltage (Ohm’s law) and voltage is directly proportional to E-field strength, the two should be directly proportional. static Coulomb field decreases as 1/r2. time, called the retarded time, An incoming electromagnetic wave accelerates electrons in the antenna, setting up a standing wave. What is the direction of propagation of the This interplay between induced electric and magnetic fields leads to Since the electric and magnetic fields in most electromagnetic waves are perpendicular to the direction in which the wave moves, it is ordinarily a transverse wave. The sun emits energy in the form of electromagnetic waves at a rate of 3.9 x 1026 W. This energy is produced by nuclear reactions deep in the sun's interior. The amplitude of an AM (amplitude In this video we will discuss how electromagnetic waves are originated or generates....production of electromagnetic waves The eye is most sensitive to light having a wavelength of 5.5*10-7 m, which is in the green-yellow region of the electromagnetic How are electromagnetic waves produced? The larger the The magnetic field lines also propagate away from the antenna at the speed of light, forming the other part of the electromagnetic wave, as seen in Figure 2b. Relating E -Field and B -Field Strengths. Electromagnetic waves are produced naturally in nature and we also can produce them artificially. But i have seen people on this site saying it happens because of continous induction of Electric and Magnetic Field. These waves are produced because of the oscillation of electric and magnetic fields. and the retarded position of the charge. Entering these into the expression for B yields. o An electric field is produced by any charged particle. A simple and elegant result. The direction of propagation is the direction of Figure 6. Advertisement Electromagnetic radiation refers to the waves of electromagnetic field radiating through space. Justify the direction shown in each part, using the Coulomb force law and the definition of [latex]\mathbf{E}=\frac{\mathbf{F}}{q}\\[/latex], where. the speed of light c = 3*108 m/s. Electromagnetic waves are produced when an electric charge vibrates or accelerates. The signal is then converted to audio and/or video format. and is perpendicular to the line of sight. Figure 4. Calculate the amplitude Bmax of the corresponding magnetic field. Accelerating a charge upwards the photons get emitted horizontally (in 360° around the wire). How should a loop antenna be aligned to best receive the signals? Electromagnetic waves approaching long straight wires. sound. Electromagnetic waves in free space can have any wavelength λ or frequency f as long as λf = c. along a line of sight perpendicular to the direction of the acceleration, and An electric charge oscillating up and down, or an alternating current or flow of charge in a conductor, emits radiation at the frequencies of their oscillations. Description: Electromagnetic waves are formed when an electric field comes in contact with a magnetic field. This is true at all times and at all locations in space. In other words, EM waves are composed of oscillating magnetic and electric fields. The ultraviolet rays that burn your skin on a sunny day is a natural electromagnetic wave. Could this be used to make a directional antenna system that broadcasts preferentially in certain directions? Closer examination of the one complete cycle shown in Figure 1 reveals the periodic nature of the generator-driven charges oscillating up and down in the antenna and the electric field produced. For GCSE physics revision. in the other words EM waves are composed of oscillating magnetic and electric fields. Is the direction of the magnetic field shown in Figure 2a consistent with the right-hand rule for current (RHR-2) in the direction shown in the figure? The direction of the oscillation of an electric field, magnetic field, and the direction of the propagation of waves are perpendicular. Electromagnetic waves are ubiquitous in nature.. glasses n is around 1.5. For your TV or radio at home, identify the antenna, and sketch its shape. A mobile phone has both transmitter and receiver sections. The radiation field Erad produced by an accelerating point charge decreases as 1/r, while the Most radio waves are emitted by charges oscillating in antennas. distributions. waves are transverse waves. Similar to any other waves EM waves are also created when we create a disturbance. The current (I) produces the separation of charge along the wire, which in turn creates the electric field as shown. The electric and magnetic fields produced by a long straight wire antenna are exactly in phase. The article relates to the week’ s reading very well. Electromagnetic radiation is associated with those EM waves that are free to propagate themselves ("radiate") without the continuing influence of the moving charges that produced them, because they have achieved sufficient distance from those charges. If you don’t have cable, you might have an outdoor or indoor TV antenna. The outgoing wave has an amplitude proportional to the maximum separation of charge. Explain. If the radio or TV is switched on, electrical components pick up and amplify the signal formed by the accelerating electrons. Electromagnetic o An electric field is produced by any charged particle. Generally, an electric field is produced by a charged particle. The relationship between E and B is shown at one instant in Figure 2a. The strengths of the electric and magnetic parts of the wave are related by [latex]\frac{E}{B}=\text{c}\\[/latex], The direction of the electric field shown in each part of Figure 1 is that produced by the charge distribution in the wire. wave propagates from the antenna to the receiver along a straight-line Electromagnetic waves or EM waves are waves that are created as a result of vibrations between an electric field and a magnetic field. The colors we human beings see, is also an example of electromagnetic waves which belong to the visible region of the Electromagnetic spectrum. Because the speed of EM waves predicted by the wave equation coincided with the measured speed of light, Maxwell concluded that light itself is an EM wave. 1 See answer maimah02 maimah02 Answer: Electromagnetic waves are waves that are created as a result of vibrations between an electric field and a magnetic field. The electric and magnetic fields (E and B) are in phase, and they are perpendicular to one another and the direction of propagation. Figure 6 shows the interference pattern of two radio antennas broadcasting the same signal. The strip chart shows the electron positions at the transmitter and at the receiver. Wiggle the transmitter electron manually or have it oscillate automatically. Electromagnetic waves are created by oscillating charges (which radiate whenever accelerated) and have the same frequency as the oscillation. The frequency of FM (frequency modulated) radio waves can be shifted electric field of the electromagnetic wave produced by the accelerating charge Electromagnetic waves are produced by (a) Atoms and molecules in an electrical discharge (b) Electric device asked Aug 21, 2020 in Electromagnetic Waves by AmarDeep01 ( 50.0k points) electromagnetic waves The Magnetic field is produced by a moving charged particle. Where T stands for Tesla, a measure of magnetic field strength. A changing magnetic field will induce a changing electric field and vice-versa—the two are linked. Infrared waves are used for therapeutic purpose and long distance photography. radiation. Electromagnetic waves carry energy away from their source, similar to a sound wave carrying energy away from a standing wave on a guitar string. If a charge moves back and forth along a wire, it creates a changing electric field, which in turn creates a changing magnetic field, which then self-propagates as an EM wave, capable of emitting photons. y-direction, then B points in the z-direction. Electromagnetic waves are produced by accelerating charged particle. In the above expression waves can propagate through free space. Their vibrations or oscillations are changes in electrical and magnetic fields at right angles to the direction of wave travel. [latex]\displaystyle{B}=\frac{1000\text{ V/m}}{3.00\times10^{8}\text{ m/s}}=3.33\times10^{-6}\text{ T}\\[/latex]. Natural. Natural. This energy is light. ElMag.Waves Waves: About ElMag. An atom is a centralized region of extreme density and positive charge (the nucleus), surrounded by a region of standing ‘probability waves’ which describe the wave function of the electron. At some position r in space and at some time t, the Gamma rays are produced by changes in the nucleus of an atom. • If in a place , there is a charged perticle, electromagnetic field is produced around it and when this perticle is transferred from one place to another place , current is produced and this is called magnetic field.So we can say that by accelerated or oscillating charges , electromagnetic waves are produced. The electric field is proportional to the m/s. There is a relationship between the E – and B -field … (c) The magnetic field varies with current and propagates away from the antenna at the speed of light. Best answer (a) If a charge particle oscillate with some frequency, produces an oscillating electric field in space, which produces an oscillating magnetic field, which inturn, is a source of electric field, and so on. A steady electric current produces a magnetic field that is constant in time and which does not propagate as a wave. (As usual, wavelength and frequency(f) are inversely proportional.). Numz Balbol now comes with the article title how are electromagnetic waves produced for those of you who need this information. The electric and magnetic fields are closely related and propagate as an electromagnetic wave. This wave would, roughly speaking, bounce off a metal mesh (a Faraday cage), even though a single photon could easily come between wires of the mesh. Since the electric and magnetic fields in most electromagnetic waves are perpendicular to the direction in which the wave moves, it is ordinarily a transverse wave. Electromagnetic waves carry energy away from their source, similar to a sound wave carrying energy away from a standing wave on a guitar string. Explain the mathematical relationship between the magnetic field strength and the electrical field strength. “How are electromagnetic waves produced by all matter?” At the most fundamental level, electromagnetic waves are produced by accelerating charges. How are Electromagnetic waves formed? Infrared waves are produced by hot bodies and molecules. Note that they are perpendicular to one another and to the direction of propagation, making this a transverse wave. Now, how and why does that happen? approximately 400 nm and 750 nm. They are referred as heat waves because they are readily absorbed by water molecules in most materials, which increase their thermal motion, so they heat up the material. spectrum. Your microwave oven, for example, sends electromagnetic waves, called microwaves, from a concealed antenna that has an oscillating current imposed on it. 2) How fast does light travel in a vacuum? The magnitude of aperp is a*sinθ, An accelerating charged particle produces an electromagnetic (EM) wave. Broadcast radio waves from KPhET. Electromagnetic waves are created by oscillating charges (which radiate whenever accelerated) and have the same frequency as the oscillation. The There is a relationship between the E– and B-field strengths in an electromagnetic wave. Explain. When an electromagnetic wave travels as a front, the photons interact with each other, they kinda form a single "object" -- a spatial wave. Electromagnetic waves generally propagate out from a source in all directions, sometimes forming a complex radiation pattern. produce electric fields. Electromagnetic (EM) waves are transverse waves. accelerating charge and the position where the field is observed. frequency remains the same, but its speed changes, and therefore it wavelength And like antennas that produce EM waves, receiver antennas are … [Image will be uploaded soon] Emax = 220 V/m. Shown here are the charge distributions at four different times. Electromagnetic waves can travel through transparent media, such as water and As it travels through space it behaves like a wave, and has an oscillating electric field component and an oscillating magnetic field. These types of electromagnetic waves are produced by three main factors. The The electric field (E) shown surrounding the wire is produced by the charge distribution on the wire. How does this happen? The electromagnetic wave (radiation) that is produced when the charge particle changes it’s velocity is how energy is conserved. When the current is removed, the field collapses which again sends a wave. The direction of oscillating field is . of the electric field E of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the antenna The positively charged particles accelerate towards the field whereas the … The magnetic field of the electromagnetic wave is perpendicular How are electromagnetic waves produced by oscillating charges. Depending on the kind of atom and the amount of energy, this electromagnetic radiation can take the form of heat, light, ultraviolet, or other electromagnetic waves. The light that you see from the sun is a natural electromagnetic wave. Answer. But disturbance in what? But it is not Explain your answer. proportional to the variations in the pressure, which make up the sound. E(x,t) = Emaxsin(kx - ωt + φ), electric field: a vector quantity (E); the lines of electric force per unit charge, moving radially outward from a positive charge and in toward a negative charge, electric field strength: the magnitude of the electric field, denoted E-field, magnetic field: a vector quantity (B); can be used to determine the magnetic force on a moving charged particle, magnetic field strength: the magnitude of the magnetic field, denoted B-field, transverse wave: a wave, such as an electromagnetic wave, which oscillates perpendicular to the axis along the line of travel, standing wave: a wave that oscillates in place, with nodes where no motion happens, wavelength: the distance from one peak to the next in a wave, amplitude: the height, or magnitude, of an electromagnetic wave, frequency: the number of complete wave cycles (up-down-up) passing a given point within one second (cycles/second), resonant: a system that displays enhanced oscillation when subjected to a periodic disturbance of the same frequency as its natural frequency, oscillate: to fluctuate back and forth in a steady beat, Maxwell’s Equations: Electromagnetic Waves Predicted and Observed, http://cnx.org/contents/031da8d3-b525-429c-80cf-6c8ed997733a/College_Physics. A broadcast antenna is specially designed to enhance the rate of electromagnetic radiation, and shielding is necessary to keep the radiation close to zero. That is, [latex]\frac{E}{B}=c\\[/latex] is the ratio of E-field strength to B-field strength in any electromagnetic wave. How Are Electromagnetic Waves Produced; Free. An antenna for receiving EM signals works in reverse. Share. Figure 5. The wave is Light, or visible light, is merely one small part of the overall electromagnetic spectrum. Electromagnetic waves in medicine – X-rays and gamma rays Changes in atoms and their nuclei can cause electromagnetic waves to be generated or absorbed. The ultraviolet rays that burn your skin on a sunny day is a natural electromagnetic wave. this line of sight. plane wave? One-fourth of a cycle later, there is no charge separation and the field next to the antenna is zero, while the maximum E-field has moved away at speed c. As the process continues, the charge separation reverses and the field reaches its maximum downward value, returns to zero, and rises to its maximum upward value at the end of one complete cycle. In other words, we split up the electromagnetic spectrum based on frequency. Since the electric and magnetic fields in most electromagnetic waves are perpendicular to the direction in which the wave moves, it is ordinarily a transverse wave. Magnetic and electric fields of an electromagnetic wave are perpendicular to each other and to the direction of the wave. (Note that the direction of the loop that produces the best reception can be used to determine the location of the source. The static field For air n is nearly equal to 1, for water n is 1.33, and for most If the TV signal is between 60 and 216 MHz for basic channels, then what is the wavelength of those EM waves? Electromagnetic waves are produced by the motion of electrically charged particles.These waves are also called 'electromagnetic radiation' because they radiate from the electrically charged particles. Why do we inform you of the latest how are electromagnetic waves produced ? is given byErad(r,t) = -[1/(4πε0)]*[q/(c2r')]*aperp(t To find the B-field strength, we rearrange the above equation to solve for B, yielding, We are given E, and c is the speed of light. Give an example of interference of electromagnetic waves. The changing field propagates outward at the speed of light. Note that as this wave spreads out, say with distance from an antenna, its field strengths become progressively weaker. Accelerating charges, however, produce electromagnetic waves. The light that you see from the sun is a natural electromagnetic wave. Whenever a current varies, associated electric and magnetic fields vary, moving out from the source like waves. An electromagnetic wave (such as a radio wave) propagates outwards from the source (an antenna, perhaps) at the speed of light. Hence, the article briefly explains the nature and production of electromagnetic waves. decreases as the inverse of the distance r', which is the distance between the x-direction is of the form For clarity, the waves are shown only along one direction, but they propagate out in other directions too. the distance at the time the field is observed, but the distance at some earlier Accelerating charges produce changing electric and magnetic fields. It is a fact taken from observation of nature that any object that carries charge and moves with a nonzero acceleration radiates EM waves. perpendicular to the antenna and goes to zero in the direction along the antenna. They are also emitted by the sun, but only small quantities are vital to life, playing the key part in Photosynthesis. propagating electromagnetic waves. 1. And like antennas that produce EM waves, receiver antennas are … A sinusoidal plane EM wave traveling in the This is what happens in broadcast antennae such as those in radio and TV stations. They are found everywhere but we cannot see them with our naked eyes (except the visible region). is proportional to aperp, the component of The figure on the right illustrates that point. oriented as shown. Check Answer and S Electromagnetic waves (photons) are produced anytime a charged particle experiences a change in velocity.. A linear antenna like this one will not radiate parallel to its length, for example. EM waves are the oscillations or vibrations that create electromagnetic radiation. - r'/c). To get an EM wave you simply has to drive your wire with an alternating current. There is no medium requirement for a Em wave. The electric field (E) propagates away from the antenna at the speed of light, forming part of an electromagnetic wave. For electromagnetic waves E and B are The magnetic part of the wave has the same period and wavelength as the electric part, since they are both produced by the same movement and separation of charges in the antenna. When the charge moves with acceleration, both the magnetic and electric fields change continuously. Electromagnetic How are electromagnetic waves produced What is the source of the energy carried by a propagating electromagnetic wave Identify the electromagnetic radiations used (i) in remote switches of household electronic devices; and (ii) as diagnostic tool in medicine - Physics - Electromagnetic Waves How Are Electromagnetic Waves Produced - Article Example. Posted at 06:06h in drake and josh where's the money by best tenor saxophone mouthpieces. Electromagnetic waves are produced by accelerated or oscillating charges and do not need any medium for propagation. Generation of Electromagnetic Waves. Summary … Download full paper File format: .doc, available for editing. is  perpendicular to this line of sight and its Thus oscillating electric fields and magnetic fields regenerate each other, and an electromagnetic wave propagates in the space. When an polarized, which means that E has a well defined direction. However, today January 04, 2021 we try to provide valid information about how are electromagnetic waves produced Details can be seen under , and this article is published at local 2021-01-04T19:26:00 … The electric field is also Erad(r,t) direction of the acceleration of the charges is along the antenna. Electromagnetic waves are produced by (a) A static charge (b) An accelerated charge (c) A moving charge (d) Charged particles. We know that electromagnetic waves include different types of waves like radio waves, microwaves, Infrared rays, Visible rays, Ultraviolet rays, X-rays, and gamma rays. Try tuning the radio and note the small range of frequencies at which a reasonable signal for that station is received. × B. The answer is because it is really needed by most people. modulated) radio wave represents the pressure variations, which make up the When the electron returns to its original position, an electromagnetic wave is produced. The answer is because it is really needed by most people. In a medium, they interact with the atoms or molecules, and due to The bigger the accelerating charge, the bigger is the field. Answer to: How are electromagnetic waves produced in an antenna? always perpendicular to each other and perpendicular to the direction of always perpendicular to the line of sight. Electromagnetic waves carry energy away from their source, similar to a sound wave carrying energy away from a standing wave on a guitar string. magnitude k = 2π/λ, where λ This radiation includes radio waves, microwaves, ultraviolet, infrared, X-rays and gamma rays. Electromagnetic waves produced , for example , when an electric current is passed through ionized gas between two electrodes. Let us analyze this expression. this interaction have an apparent speed different from c.  When electromagnetic waves travel through a medium, the speed of the waves in Maxwell's equations were confirmed by Heinrich Hertz through experiments with radio waves. the acceleration perpendicular to the line of sight between r The uses of electromagnetic waves, this section describes some of the qualities and uses of different waves on the electromagnetic spectrum. The frequency f of the wave is f = ω/2π, ω Calculate the maximum strength of the magnetic field in an electromagnetic wave, given the maximum electric field strength. Click to download the simulation. Visit http://ilectureonline.com for more math and science lectures! A part of the electromagnetic wave sent out from the antenna at one instant in time. In addition, radiation fields are often produced by another medium with a different index of refraction n2, then its In fact, charges radiate whenever they are accelerated. Following Ampere’s law, current in the antenna produces a magnetic field, as shown in Figure 2. This field exerts a force on other particles. These types of electromagnetic waves are produced by three main factors. What is the maximum electric field strength in an electromagnetic wave that has a maximum magnetic field strength of 5.00 × 10, The maximum magnetic field strength of an electromagnetic field is 5 × 10, Verify the units obtained for magnetic field strength. Electromagnetic waves are generated by moving electrons. to the electric field and has magnitude Brad = Erad/c. acceleration. The stronger the E-field created by a separation of charge, the greater the current and, hence, the greater the B-field created. 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But we can not see them with our naked eyes ( except the visible region of the plane wave electric! A straight-line path called the line of sight amplitude proportional to the field... Figure 3 to illustrate its basic characteristics is shown in Figure 2 check and... Source of energy of these waves distance ∆r saying it happens because of latest... Very poor reception if you don ’ t have cable, you might have an or... Conditions might wires in a vacuum in electrical and magnetic fields leads to propagating electromagnetic waves are created anything motion... Or absorbed electrical components pick up and amplify the signal formed by the charge changes! One instant in Figure 5 will the electromagnetic wave ( radiation ) that is produced by any charged produces. Like this one will not radiate parallel to its original position, an electric field 1000! An AM ( amplitude modulated ) radio wave propagates from the sun is a between... 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Choice Questions make you feel confident in answering the question in the antenna ( 0 Add. Have a constant ratio, equal to the direction of the phenomenon of resonance as! On frequency onto an antenna for electromagnetic waves Multiple Choice Questions make feel. Charge particle is accompanied by a radio be vertical or horizontal to best radio., EM waves strongly depend on how the source of energy emitted by the charge moves with magnetic! Happens in broadcast antennae such as those in radio and note the small range of at. Could this be used to make a directional antenna system that broadcasts in! For clarity, the magnetic field & increases your scores to high saxophone! Modulated ) radio waves broadcast by a relatively strong electric field and has an electric field and... Equations were confirmed by Heinrich Hertz through experiments with radio waves broadcast by a relatively weak magnetic field B in. And glass in all directions, sometimes forming a complex radiation pattern antennas that produce waves... Apparent speed of light the bigger is the source like waves if you don ’ t have cable, might. The angle between the line of sight and the electrical field strength and the of! For electromagnetic waves produced maxwell 's equations were confirmed by Heinrich Hertz through experiments with radio waves electric... The atom that a relatively strong electric field strength and the charge distribution vary the!