1916. Flora category. The occurrence of spartina reduces the availability of feeding and roosting habitat for shorebirds, and may be particularly harmful in places that have experienced other tidal flat loss, for example from land claim activities. The Dike Island Gun Club planted S. alterniflora in Padilla Bay in the 1940s to stabilize an island in the south bay. Patten K, 2002. In: Proceedings 21st N.Z. Spartina alterniflora. Loisel. Kunz K, Martz M, 1993. CABI is a registered EU trademark. This strategy helps ensure outcrossing. Invasive plant species of the world: a reference guide to environmental weeds. The Global Invasive Species Database was developed and is managed by the Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) of the Species Survival Commission (SSC) of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Linthurst R A, 1979. Taylor, M. D., J. P. Sinn, D. D. Davis, and E. J. Pell. 33-40. ITIS (Integrated Taxonomic Information System). Gainesville, FL, USA. Final Report, submitted to Washington State Department of Ecology, Olympia. S. alterniflora is protogynous (female flowers mature before male flowers) (Bertness and Shumway, 1992). The risk of intentional introductions is now reduced as this species is now a regulated listed weed in most American states, New Zealand, Australia and United Kingdom. Plant zonation in irregularly flooded salt marshes: relative importance of stress tolerance and biological interactions. Weed Pest Control Conf, 108-13. (Callaway, 1990; Josselyn et al., 1993; Simenstad and Thom, 1995). > 0°C, dry winters), Potential is being tested in the lab and the field, Used to stabilise coastlines and as what was thought to be a potential land reclamation tool, Spreads along the American coastline via seed and rhizomes. Western Aquatic Plant Management Society. Ecology. Vascular – Exotic. UNDATED. Prog., San Francisco Bay Estuary Proj. Sheaths mostly glabrous, throat glabrous or minutely pilose, lower sheaths often wrinkled; ligules 1-2 mm; blades to 60 cm long, 3-25 mm wide, lower blades shorter than those above, usually flat basally, becoming involute distally, abaxial surfaces glabrous, adaxial surfaces glabrous or sparsely pilose, margins usually smooth, sometimes slightly scabrous, apices attenuate. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label. Maskell L C, Raybould A F, 2001. Estuaries. Kilbride KM, Paveglio FL, Grue CE, 1995. Lowerconcentrations of the herbicides active ingredient (ae) (1.7kg ae/ha) were required to achieve superior densityreductions than treating with glyphosate (38kg ae/ha). Cutting alone is an effective control intervention of S. alterniflora, producing, on average, an overall decease in stem density of 68.1%. The roles of Spartina species in New Zealand. Grows 3 to 7 feet high. Crushing is less expensive than (approximately £50,000), and in addition is quicker than tilling (1-2hr/ha), but for more effective control two or more treatments are required in one year (Roberts and Pullin, 2006; 2007). ], 78 (1/2) [ed. 2002; 10(2): 248-258. Spartina alterniflora (Smooth Cordgrass) as an Invasive Halophyte in Pacific Northwest Estuaries. In: Spartina Workshop Record, Washington Sea Grant Program, University of Washington, Seattle [ed. Border control for potential aquatic weeds. > 10°C, Cold average temp. In: The Proceedings of the Second International Spartina Conference, Olympia WA. Higher stem densities dissipate more wave action, therefore allowing a larger amount of sediment to be deposited and a steeper beach profile to form (Gleason et al., 1979). 1985; 6(1): 117-142. Atlantic cordgrass. Seattle: University of Washington Press. No experimental trials of combining cutting and smothering are reported for control of S. alterniflora. Within its native habitat, S. alterniflora roots and shoots are a food source for waterfowl and wetland mammals, partly keeping the expansion of Spartina wetlands in check. by Weber E]. Estuaries, 12(1):27-34. The introduction of Spartina alterniflora to Washington with oyster culture. Growth habits and other considerations of smooth cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora Loisel. 105-125. S. alterniflora can spread via seed dispersal or vegetative fragments. Estuaries, 18(2):409-417. Status, Predictions, and prevention of introduced cordgrass, Grevstad, F. S., D. R. Strong, D. Garcia-Rossi, R. W. Switzer, and M. S. Weckere. by Carey JR, Moyle P, Rejmánek M, Vermeij GJ], 51-58. Spartina in New Zealand. Spartina alterniflora also impacts supratidal shorebird habitat that occurs inland from the seawall, up to about 2 km from the coastline (Choi et al., 2019; Jackson et al., 2019). Waders and waterfowl will lose important foraging and refuge habitat. Reimold R J, Linthurst R A, Wolf P L, 1975. China's booming economy is sparking and accelerating biological invasions. Bascand LD, 1968. Foss S, 1992. American Journal of Botany. Craft, C., S. Broome, and C. Campbell. 6-12. Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry, 17(10):1972-1978. Ecological Engineering. Effects of grazing by feral horses, clipping, trampling and burning in a Georgia salt marsh. Proceedings of the New Zealand Ecological Society. by Carey J R, Moyle P, Rejmánek M, Vermeij G J]. Characterization of exotic Spartina communities in Washington State. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing. On the East and Gulf native coastal ranges, where S. alterniflora is a major component of salt marsh vegetation, wave energy is high, however the presence of S. alterniflora allows for sediment accretion rates of 13 mm/year, with higher stem densities resulting in higher sediment deposition rates and steeper beach profiles (Gleason et al., 1979; Simenstad and Thom, 1995). The decline of Spartina alterniflora (Poaceae) in the British Isles. Vascular plants of the Pacific Northwest. Ebasco Environmental, 1992. In contrast, a study of low intertidal salt marshes in Washington and Oregon that lacked S. alterniflora found that the sediment accretion rate ranged from 2.3 to 6.6 mm/year, with a mean of 3.6 mm/year. DOI:10.1016/0006-3207(96)00017-1, Daehler C C, Strong D R, 1997. In addition, if large, dense populations of S. alterniflora are present around the mouth of an estuary, decreased flow may occur, leading to an increase in flooding likelihood, especially during sustained periods of heavy rainfall coinciding within above average tides (Ebasco Environmental, 1993). Downloaded from http://iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=792 on 15-01-2021. In addition the use of Prokelisia spp. In: The Proceedings of the Second International Spartina Conference, Olympia WA, 20-21 March 1997 [The Proceedings of the Second International Spartina Conference, Olympia WA, 20-21 March 1997]. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management. Environmental-Management. Oecologia, 140:591-600. The leaf blades are 3 to 25 mm wide. Once tillered, hand-pulling may break off portions of the root, allowing the plant to re-grow. Therefore, to measure S. alterniflora coverage we developed an area of interest by buffering the mapped 2015 coastline for each site 2 km inland and 5 km seaward. Journal of Ecology (Oxford), 91(6):951-965. Where S. alterniflora has been introduced to San Francisco Bay, sediment accretion rates have been estimated at 1.4 to 13.3 mm/yr. In: Mumford TF, Peyton P, Sayce JR, Harbell S, eds. Mount Vernon, Washington, USA: Washington State Department of Ecology. In: The Proceedings of the Second International Spartina Conference, Olympia WA [The Proceedings of the Second International Spartina Conference, Olympia WA]. From all the data captured for herbicide application, imazapyr, had the greatest impact in chemically controlling S. alterniflora densities (85% density decline). Status, prediction and prevention of introduced cordgrass Spartina spp. Does exotic Spartina alterniflora change benthic invertebrate assemblages? There are also some economically beneficial uses for S. alterniflora. and Bax, N.J. 2001, The Wed-Based Rapid Response Toolbox. Ayres DR, Smith DL, Zaremba K, Klohr S, Strong DR, 2004. Please consider upgrading your browser to the latest version or installing a new browser. US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010. Roberts and Pullin (2006) results showed there was a great deal of inconsistency (heterogeneity) within the datasets included in their meta-analysis. As a result, it was widely planted at coastal sites throughout the UK, Northern Europe, Australia, New Zealand, China and USA, where it has naturally colonized (via seed or vegetative fragments) large areas of tidal mudflats, becoming an invasive species. ©John M. Randall/The Nature Conservancy/Bugwood.org - CC BY-NC 3.0 US. Genus: Spartina Species: alterniflora Common names: Smooth cordgrass, saltmarsh cordgrass, saltwater cordgrass, Atlantic cordgrass, oystergrass Basic identification key Using the Key to West Coast Spartina Species’ dichotomous key one can properly identify Spartina alterniflora among the other Spartina species. Lythe J S, Lythe T F, 1998. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report. comm., 2005). invasions in Pacific estuaries, USA. Modelling Spartina in Willipa Bay. Managing Spartina in Victoria and Tasmania, Australia. San Francisco Bay). 2000. American Journal of Botany, 66(6):685-691. Wiggins J, Binney E, 1987. The use of 1-5% wetter or surfactant with the glyphosate application improved the impact of treatment (Norman and Patten, 1995; Patten, 2002; Roberts and Pullin, 2006). Costa CSB, Marangoni JC, Azevedo AMG, 2003. Nonindigenous Aquatic Species in a United States Estuary: A Case Study of the Biological Invasion of the San Francisco Bay and Delta. Philip Roberts, CABI, Nosworthy Way, Wallingford, Oxon OX10 8DE, UK. USA. The effectiveness of management options used for the control of Spartina species. Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass); infestation of densely packed plants, showing flower spikes. Found in areas of low to moderate wave energy, the species can colonize a broad range of substrates, ranging from sand and silt to loose cobble, clay, and gravel. Population variation in growth response to flooding of three marsh grasses. Based on bird usage and sediment softness, tilling appears to restore mudflats back to suitable habitat for foraging shoreline birds (Gross-Custard and Moser, 1988). CSIRO Marine Research: Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests. The Nature Conservancy David H. Smith Postdoctoral Fellow, Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences College of William and Mary, Modification of hydrology/water regulation, purification and quality /soil moisture, Damage on aquaculture/mariculture/fishery, Invasive Spartina Project, 2003. Sayce, 1988 ) salt Tolerances and the National Sea Grant Program, Connecticut Sea Program!, Marangoni JC, 1998 around 1911 ( Scheffer, 1945 ) Gulf... And gravels: Dr. W. Junk Publishers, 127-142 ML, Elmer DA, Pien NC, Fisher,! Use within the paper production industry ( Ebasco environmental, 1992 ) the Second Spartina. Iii, Grue CE, 1995 littoral flat community in salt water, normally monoculture. Or delay flowering period and reduce seed production in a tidal saltmarsh marsh Ecosystems Northern. Of San Francisco, CA, Feist B E, Pezeshki SR, DeLaune RD, 2006 that. A maximum extent of 3500 hectares in 2003 biological invasion of the smooth with! 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